J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996. It promised Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) functionality, providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee, the coffee from Indonesia. Gosling designed Java with a C/ C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Java is steadily on the top since mid-2015. The TIOBE programming language popularity index graph from 2002 to 2018.
Oracle (and others) highly recommend uninstalling older versions of Java because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Since Java 9 (and 10 and 12) is no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to immediately transition to the latest version (currently Java 13) or an LTS release.
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The latest versions are Java 13, released in September 2019, and Java 11, a currently supported long-term support (LTS) version, released on SeptemOracle released for the legacy Java 8 LTS the last free public update in January 2019 for commercial use, while it will otherwise still support Java 8 with public updates for personal use up to at least December 2020. Meanwhile, others have developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets). As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun had relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems ( which has since been acquired by Oracle) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. As of 2019, Java was one of the most popular programming languages in use according to GitHub, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. The syntax of Java is similar to C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.
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It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based, object-oriented, and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
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